Reason Why Teens Use Drugs :: Drugs, Social Issues, Legal Issues

The reasons why young people use drugs. Medication use is the expanding issue among adolescents in the present Secondary schools. Since the time the medication war of 1900, drugs have been a significant issue in todays society. Utilization of medications, for example, opium, morphine, and their subsidiaries were very ordinary in nineteenth century America. While most understudies of contemporary secondary school medicate training programs think about the utilization of coca leaves in early Coca-Cola and the opium exchange with China, the matter of medication habit when the new century rolled over is significantly more broad than for the most part recognized. It is evaluated that by 1975 there were some place in the neighborhood of 550,000 normal clients of addictive medications in the U.S. While this number may appear to be huge (thinking about the littler populace of the nation in 1970s when contrasted with today) it is entirely little in any event, when such medications were accessible over the counter. Cocaine, morphine, laudanum, what's more, heroin were all accessible in medicate stores and through the mail. Until the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, restricted the deal and conveyance of these such medications In nearby shops and stores ,and through the mail.Today, these medications are unlawful Counting the most famous medication among adolescents and in the US, pot. Most medication use starts in the preteen and young years, these years generally pivotal in the development procedure. During these years, young people are confronted with troublesome errands of finding their self personality, just as their sexual roles,becoming freedom, figuring out how to adapt to power and looking for objectives that would

J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye Essay -- Salinger Catcher Rye

J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye There’s unmistakably more to the oversight issue than a restriction on sex and four-letter words. I here and there feel that those of us who should be the most perceptive about these issues are planting the very trees that dark our perspective on the backwoods, says Dorothy Briley. As indicated by Briley, an immense sum more is required than essentially foul language and interesting material to edit a novel. Be that as it may, this is the very motivation behind why J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is every now and again being restricted from secondary schools. To the high school perusers, who are at the change from adolescence to adulthood, the hero of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield, who has not exactly arrived near the very edge of masculinity, turns into the reader’s saint. The immature brain that Salinger depicts so precisely in his novel is unified with which most adolescents and perusers, at once or another, could distinguish. The Catcher in the Rye additionally contains all inclusive topics that, for youngsters going to move into adulthood, help youthful grown-ups better comprehend the world and others. Despite the fact that it contains damaging language and sexual meanings, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger ought not be blue-penciled in secondary schools since it gives savvy data and pertinence to the life of youthful grown-ups through its sensible circumstances and topics of acknowledgment and realism. The peruser can identify with the reasonable circumstances, for example, the scene at the Lunts play, present in the ...

How did art deco influence Essay Example

How did craftsmanship deco impact Essay Various times have distinctive recorded foundations and thus there is generally an effect on society.Historical occasions influence the manner in which individuals live and associate with their environmental factors. Therefore workmanship and configuration is commonly influenced as the two are so firmly connected with people groups contemplations, sentiments and emotions.Art deco style got well known during the between war time of the 1920s and 30s, despite the fact that the style truly started around 1908.This was where numerous significant occasions occurred and in this paper I mean to examine how they impacted the structure style and if the introduction of craftsmanship deco had any impacts itself. In the years 1914 to 1918 the First World War took place.It greatly affected society, as such a large number of lives were lost thus much destruction was caused.People had never experienced so much turmoil.It influenced all classes of society, the rich and poor everybody had been influe nced in some way.After the war there was a unified inclination in Britain.The war had been won and carried incredible hopefulness to everyone.People accepted that a superior world could be built and the inclination that an unrest in configuration was starting developed stronger.People needed to overlook the war and the awful occasions that had quite recently passed and revel in something new and modern.The environment just urged architects to appear as something else and to make new and energizing things that had never been seen before.There was an inclination that the world should now be all the more efficient.Previously so much idea and exertion was placed into the ornamentation of an item, in craftsmanship deco this nearly got insignificant and the capacity progressively significant as planners grasped efficiency.The structures complemented the articles reason, which I feel turned into its ornamentation.I think this caused individuals to value an items structure and this helped d rive a regularly expanding degree of commercialization, all individuals needed to get tied up with this thought they were additionally new and

Fiber Optic Cables Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fiber Optic Cables - Research Paper Example This technique utilizes gadgets, for example, visual issue found or fiber optic tracer to investigate broken associations inside the fiber links. The approach includes a beam of light that is discharged from one finish of the fiber link from one of these referenced gadgets. On the off chance that the light sign is noticeable at the opposite finish of the fiber, it infers that the specific fiber isn't broken (Fiber Optics - Testing ). Nonetheless, if the link neglects to show the beam of light from the opposite end, it presumes that the specific link is broken or harmed from some place. The addition misfortune technique incorporates a laser that can reflect blames in a fiber link. The laser is red in shading and shows harmed zone of the links. In addition, the technique joins with the Optical Time Domain reflectometer that is utilized to quantify lengths of fiber links, to recognize association misfortunes, distinguish fiber surrenders, and in particular graft misfortunes from the fib er. The usefulness of OTDR includes a transmission of light from one finish of the fiber link. The light goes along the way and distinguish any potential inconsistencies. On the off chance that the light experiences an impasse, an imperfection, or a cut in fiber link, it reflects back estimating the separation of that specific flaw. The OTDR outline charts and follows on the screen joined on the gadget. The association misfortunes are determined from the measure of light that is reflected from that specific zone of the fiber link (Fiber Optic Cable Testing ). Besides, the gadgets fueled by OTDR have given high accuracy.... The usefulness of OTDR includes a transmission of light from one finish of the fiber link. The light goes along the way and recognize any potential abnormalities. In the event that the light experiences an impasse, an imperfection, or a cut in fiber link, it reflects back estimating the separation of that specific deficiency. The OTDR outline charts and follows on the screen fused on the gadget. The association misfortunes are determined from the measure of light that is reflected from that specific region of the fiber link (Fiber Optic Cable Testing ). Besides, the gadgets controlled by OTDR have given high exactness estimations as far as fiber optic attributes. The gadgets are versatile and can be utilized adequately in the field. Thus, the introduced fiber optics are resolved productively as per framework determinations. OTDR additionally gives benefits as far as vigorous information move and remedying flaws in an auspicious way (DeMeis 161). Moreover, the most generally utilized strategy for estimating misfortunes is the Optical Continuous-Wave Reflectometry (OCRW). The usefulness of this strategy includes a transmission of a ceaseless frequency by means of an interface, connector or a gadget that should be tried with the goal that the misfortunes can be determined in an orderly fashion. The light source that is transmitted in this strategy is aligned alongside the usage of finder improved optical force meter, the arrival misfortune figurings can be accomplished with pinpoint exactness (Brown 48). Testing Devices The present applications fueled by web 2.0 are rich video, voice, streak, Ajax and so forth so as to give high transfer speed limit Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing systems are critical. System word reference gives a most extensive meaning of this new innovation as â€Å"Dense

Impact of the Globalization Process in Different Fields Essay

Effect of the Globalization Process in Different Fields - Essay Example This article traces the importance of globalization process, that well brought about the speed of progress, together with various needs of countries and individuals. Globalization has blasted in the result of the oil emergency during the 1970s and it changed the general expenses of creation information sources and items, gave new driving force to mechanical advancements, fuelled worldwide monetary exchanges, as OPEC nations put their flooding incomes in the USA, changed the structure of exchange. As monetary power, globalization process makes worldwide organizations (MNCs) the rule vehicle of imperialism’s drive to re-separate the world as indicated by financial force. Monetary emergency that is viewed as the best since the hours of the Great Depression can have adversely sway on the business condition. This is especially obvious in nations on the move; additionally, outside speculations can make financial matters progressively lopsided, with lamentable ramifications for both the creating and created nations. This polarization must be perceived by global business structures and governments through destitution mitigation projects and techniques intended to reposition underestimated economies to make them conceivable to partake in current turns of events. The issue is that even little American endeavors to affect the worldwide market are to think, produce and sell universally. The purported ‘global firm’ need to interface all the little ventures into worldwide snare of creation, appropriation and administrations. The procedure is somewhat long haul and muddled one, on the grounds that the new plan of action has have key adaptability, rivalry with co-activity, flat, decentralized work structures, and consistent correspondence continuously. [Held D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D. what's more, Perraton J., 1999] The re-hierarchical procedure has just started, that is in why it has a relentless force: it exists at all levels, including financial aspects, legislative issues, social and work circles. As financial power, globalization process makes worldwide organizations (MNCs) the standard vehicle of government's drive to re-partition the world as per monetary force. [Douglas I., and Tervio M., 2000] The procedure of combination of worldwide monetary markets has expanded capital versatility and worldwide creation and conveyance structures, however has additionally debilitated the bartering intensity of worker's guilds all over - the most key choices are made by personal business that extended the expansion of privatization; such strategies have a potential pessimistic effect on occupations and livelihoods all over. [Thomas T., 2000] Through the way toward rebuilding occupations in certain parts and places have been lost, yet the movement from created to creating nations has affected capital portability and the locational selections of firms, which favors social solidness, nearby framework improvement, and market closeness. In any case, from the social perspective, the presence of firms with a worldwide reach and profile calls for new business morals, and over-accentuates on productivity and innovation, that has influenced the human component, causing depersonalization and spreading unresponsiveness. [Thomas T., 2000] When all is said in done, the worldwide economy is to change the work market, and its results are straightforwardly associated with the manner in which these business sectors work, with the unionized and non-unionized parts. There is a nearby

100 Must-Read Books About Nature

100 Must-Read Books About Nature The following list compiles books that deal with the natural world from many vantage points. I have broken them, loosely, into categories. If you are interested in nature, plants, animals, and science you are sure to find something here. On Birds The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time by Jonathan Weiner The Genius of Birds by Jennifer Ackerman The Thing With Feathers: The Surprising Lives of Birds and What They Reveal About Being Human by Noah Strycker Beaks, Bones, and Bird Songs: How the Struggle for Survival Has Shaped Birds and Their Behavior by Roger Lederer The Homing Instinct: Meaning and Mystery in Animal Migration by Bernd Heinrich H is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald Rare Encounters with Ordinary Birds by Lyanda Lynn Haput The Urban Birder by David Lindo The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (And Outside) a Bird’s Egg by Tim Birkhead What the Robin Knows: How Birds Reveal the Secrets of the Natural World by Jon Young Avian Architecture: How Birds Design, Engineer, and Build by Peter Goodfellow The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction by David Quammen The Birds of Pandemonium by Michele Raffin On  Plants Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants by Robin Wall Kimmerer The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination by Richard Mabey Lab Girl by Hope Jahren The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World by Andrea Wulf The Triumph of Seeds: How Grains, Nuts, Kernels, Pulses, and Pips Conquired the Plant Kingdom and Shaped Human History by Thor Hanson The Drunken Botanist: The Plants That Create the World’s Great Drinks by Amy Stewart The Reason for Flowers: Their History, Culture, Biology, and How They Change Our Lives by Stephen Buchmann The Forest Unseen: A Year’s Watch in Nature by David Haskell The Tree: A Natural History of What Trees Are, How They Live, and Why They Matter by Colin Tudge The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World by Michael Pollan Mycophilia: Revelations from the Weird World of Mushrooms by Eugenia Bone Pawpaw: In Search of America’s Forgotten Fruit by Andrew Moore The Hidden Forest: The Biography of an Ecosystem by Jon Luoma American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation by Eric Rutkow Seeing Trees: Discover the Extraordinary Secrets of Everyday Trees by Nancy Ross Hugo On  Animals A Primates Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons by Robert Saposkly My Life with the Chimpanzees by Jane Goodall Grizzly Years: In Search of the American Wilderness by Doug Peacock Horseshoe Crabs and Velvet Worms: The Story of the Animals and Plants That Time Has Left Behind by Richart Fortey Gorillas in the Mist by Dian Fossey The Animal Dialogues: Uncommon Encounters in the Wild by Craig Childs Clever as a Fox: Animal Intelligence and What it can Teach us About Ourselves by Sonjo Yoerg Of Wolves and Men by Barry Lopez Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? by Frans de Waal Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent by Valmik Thapar On Bugs Sweetness and Light: The Mysterious History of the Honeybee by Hattie Ellis Pandemic: Tracking Contagions, from Cholera to Ebola and Beyond by Sonia Shah A Sting in the Tale: My Adventures with Bumblebees by Dave Goulson The Butterfly Isles: A Summer in Search of Our Emperors and Admirals by Patrick Barkham Spineless Wonder: Strange Tales from the Invertebrate World by Richard Conniff Four Wings and a Prayer: Caught in the Mystery of the Monarch Butterfly by Sue Halpern Rabid: A Cultural History of the Worlds Most Diabolical Virus by Bill Wasik and Monica Murphy The Fever: How Malaria has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years by Sonia Shah Under  Water The Soul of an Octopus: A Surprising Exploration into the Wonder of Consciousness by Sy Montgomery The Ocean of Life: The Fate of Man and the Sea by Callum Roberts Poseidon’s Steed: The Story of Seahorses, from Myth to Reality by Helen Scales Voyage of the Turtle by Carl Safina The Whale: In Search of the Giants of the Sea by Philip Hoare Kraken: The Curious, Exciting, and Slightly Disturbing Science of the Squid by Wendy Williams The Dolphin in the Mirror: Exploring Dolphin Minds and Saving Dolphin Lives by Diana Reiss The Secret Life of Lobsters by Trevor Corson Listening to Whales: What the Orcas have Taught Us by Alexandra Morton The World is Blue: How Our Fate and the Ocean’s Are One by Sylvia Earle Eels: An Exploration, from New Zealand to the Sargasso, of the Worlds Most Mysterious Fish by James Prosek The Odyssey of KP2: An Orphan Seal, a Marine Biologist, and the Fight to Save a Species by Terrie M. Williams On  How Our World Works Seven Brief Lessons on Physics by Carlo Rovelli Rain: A Cultural and Natural History by Cythnia Barnett Sapiens: A Brief History of Human Kind by Noah Yuval Harari The Gene: An Intimate History by Siddhartha Mukherjee Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life by Nick Lane Life’s Greatest Secret: The Race to Crack the Genetic Code by Matthew Cobb The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, From Stardust to Living Planet by Robert Hazen The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements by Sam Kean The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5 Billion Year History of the Human Body by Neil Shubin The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin The Tree of Life: Charles Darwin by Peter Sis The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot The Double Helix by James Watson The Third Chimpanzee by Jared Diamond Cosmos by Carl Sagan The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution by Richard Dawkins Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters by Matt Ridley On  Conservation The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert Our Only World: Ten Essays by Wendell Berry Silent Spring by Rachel Carson This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein Where the Wild Things Were by William Stolzenburg Half Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life by Edward O. Wilson The New Wild: Why Invasive Species Will Be Nature’s Salvation by Fred Pearce The End of Nature by Bill McKibben The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind: Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope by William Kamkwamba Unbowed by Wangari Maathai On  Nature in Memoir The Solace of Open Spaces by Gretel Ehrlich Desert Solitaire by Edward Abbey Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail by Bill Bryson Walden by Henry David Thoreau Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard Trace: Memory, History, Race and the American Landscape by Lauret Savoy Mississippi Solo: A River Quest by Eddy Harris Tales from Concrete Jungles: Urban Birding around the World by David Lindo An  Extra Dose of Beauty, Just for Good Measure Black Nature: Four Centuries of African American Nature Poetry by Camille Dungy (ed.) Intimate Nature: The Bond Between Women and Animals by Linda Hogan (ed.) Sisters of the Earth: Women’s Prose and Poetry about Nature by Lorraine Anderson The Woman Who Fell from the Sky: Poems by Joy Harjo After and Before the Lightning by Simon Ortiz

Psychology Case Study on Social Relationships Unit 7 - 825 Words

Psychology Case Study on Social Relationships Unit 7 (Case Study Sample) Content: Social Relationships Unit 7Students NameInstitutional AffiliationSocial Relationships Unit 7IntroductionRelationships play a vital part in the improvement of Children's social, emotional skills and general development (Seefeldt, 2010). From the case study, Alana is a ten-year-old child with disabilities which affect her cognitive and socialization abilities. She is born prematurely and diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome disorder. Her parents divorced some years ago, and she is currently in her mother's custody. Remarkably, her mother is little involved with her child's affairs which negatively contribute to Alana's challenges at school. On the same note, Alana has poor social relationships as portrayed while in school. For example, she does many things that are irritating to other students which leave her tolerated by the students.Also, she does not have close friends due to her poor social relationship behaviors. Her social relationship is extensively affected by poor parental affection and attention. Therefore, this paper will analyze Alana's case study by highlighting the factors that influence her social problems as well as the strategies that can be implemented by her family, teachers, and community to promote her social interaction with peers. Finally, the paper will discuss how Alanas current socialization influence her perception of adult roles in community and school.Factors Affecting Alanas Social RelationshipsBesides, several factors in Alana's life affect her social relationships. Lack of family involvement through parent-child interaction is one of the contributing factor affecting her social relations. According to Seefeldt (2010), the development of children's social skills is significantly affected the family nature as well as the early learning experiences. For instance, children within a family socialize through interactions with relatives, parents, neighbors, and siblings. Children with undeveloped attachments to other peop le find it difficult to adjust their social relations.According to the theory of attachment, children with secure attachment relationship with their caregivers and parents utilize the affiliation as a support to explore and venture out their environments (Seefeldt, 2010). For instance, Alana's parents divorced three years ago, and her mother cares little about her. Based on the case study, Alana spends most of her time with her cousins since her mother is out of the house including during the nights hence poor parental attention and affection adversely affects her social relationships.On the same note, phylogenetic relationships affect her social relationships. Violence and consequently divorce affect Alana's social skills development to some extent. According to Seefeldt (2010), children exposed to domestic abuse do not feel secure or safe hence changing their social behaviors. Additionally, lack of role models influences Alana's social relations. For instance, her cousins are less concerned with education, and it is in school where social skills are developed. Also, her mother does not positively influence her child's behavior hence Alana lacks role models for her social skills development.Strategies to Be Implemented to Promote Alanas Social Interaction with Her PeersHowever, several strategies can be deployed to promote Alana's social interaction. For instance, a close relationship and communication with her family members can increase her interaction with peers. According to Favazza (1999), children's behavior is influenced by close family members who act as role models. Alana's mother ought to strengthen her relationship and ensure maximum parent-child interaction. She has to maintain a healthy relationship to foster Alana's social interaction skills.Also, Alana's teachers have to teach her on emotional and social skills to promote her social interaction with her peers. The teachers should emphasize in the daily practice of the socialization skills learn ed at school. According to The Nemours Foundation (1995-2017), the key strategy to improve interaction skills within schools is through proper teaching in a positive relationship, emotional and social skills by the use of Individualized Education Programs (IEP). The teachers should emphasize in the daily practice of the socialization skills learned at school.Additionally, the community has to adopt programs that embrace cultural diversity in social relationships. By so doing, Alana will be aware of embracing and socializing with members of different cultures since early ages hence enhance her interaction skills.How Alana Current Socialization Will Influence Her Perception of Adult Roles in School and CommunityAccording to Seefeldt (2010), adults act as role models and influence children's understanding of the roles of the adults in the society. Alana's current socialization will extensively affect her perception of the functions of the adult in the community and school. For instance , she is unable to improve her relationships with child...

Contemporary trends in corporate finance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1274 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Brief: 194364 Title: Contemporary trends in corporate finance Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary trends in corporate finance" essay for you Create order This report looks at the contemporary trends in corporate finance in the UK. The major trends and their implications are analysed below. Major trends in corporate finance Growth in private equity Private equity has grown rapidly over the last decade. Private equity has grown both in number of deals it is involved in and also the size of companies being taken private. In UK, a consortium led by CVC is bidding for J Sainsbury and another consortium led by KKR is bidding for Boots (Larsen, 2007 I). Both of the above two deals are valued at around  £10 billion. The growth in private equity has been fuelled by the interest of new investors in private equity and availability of cheap debt. Pension funds and wealthy investors are now putting more of their investments in private equity resulting in huge amount of investment funds with private equity. Due to high amount of cash at their disposal, it makes more economical sense for private equity firms to invest in larger deals rather than chasing a large number of smaller deals. UK has also been subject to higher buyout activity from non-UK buyout firms. Acquisitions in the UK by foreign companies in the first three quarters of 2005 exceeded the values for such deals for 2003 and 2004 (Dolbeck, 2005). Both CVC and KKR are US-based firms keenly pursuing buyouts in UK. . Big high street banks have also set up their own private equity funds. Lloyds TSBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s LDC invests in UK mid-market with up to  £100 million in private equity[1]. Investment and participation by investment banks Previously investment banks participation in private equity was limited to advising private equity and/or companies and raising capital for private equity companies. But in the last few years, investment banks have also started investing alongside private equity firms. Not only that investment banks are also raising their own funds to invest on their own or alongside with private equity firms. Merrill Lynch is even investing from its own funds[2]. Investment banks participation stems mainly because of the two reasons. First, they generate lucrative fees on the overall deal. Second, investment banks earn good returns on their money invested. Emergence of hedge funds in diverse investment instruments Hedge funds are investing in securities of longer term lock-in periods. Hedge funds active in the leveraged buyout market are providing subordinate debt and payment-in-kind securities. A consortium of hedge funds helped finance Malcolm Glazers pound  £790 million takeover of Manchester United FC by taking payment-in-kind securities (The Lawyer, 2006). This has brought hedge funds in direct competition to established companies funding such investments. Hedge funds have also started taking active roles in changing companies in distress or special situations. Availability of cheap debt Growth in private equity has been fuelled by availability of cheap debt. Increase in corporate earnings over the last few years and reduced interest rates allowed banks to increase their lending for acquisitions. Stable economic environment in UK has also increased bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appetite for risk. Private equity investors are often borrrowing six to seven times the equity they are putting in the deal[3]. Emergence of activist investors Activist investors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" individual investors and / or hedge funds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are taking more active role in forcing companies to restructure and increase shareholders value. Cadbury Schweppes recently agreed to demerge its businesses and list them separately to increase shareholder value. The company had previously decided not to take this route but the turnaround came swiftly after appearance of the US activist Nelson Peltz as one of the main shareholders (Jackson, 2007). Hedge funds are now coming out in open and asking companies to take drastic actions to increase their returns. Implications Corporate debt to equity ratio Companies with good and predictable cash flows are facing more prospects of being acquired by private equity firms. Mature businesses with significant proportion of their assets in tangible and physical assets offer good securities against which buyout firms can raise cheap loans. To reduce their likelihood of being taken over by buyout firms, companies are raising more debts and returning cash to shareholders. It is do or die scenario in some cases as companies reluctant to take on more leverage could find themselves on the receiving end of a takeover bid (Larsen, 2007 II). This has led to increase in debt to equity ratios of companies. Stagecoach plc is returning  £700 million to its shareholders. Because of disposal of some of its businesses, the company had a net fund position of  £140 million in October 06 (Stagecoach, 2007). Stagecoach will have to take debt to finance the return of capital to the shareholders. According to Modigliani and Millerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proposition II, the expected return on equity of a levered firm increases in proportion to the debt to equity ratio (Brealey Myers). Higher debt should then raise shareholders return but it also increases the chances of bankruptcy. Some of the corporate decisions, made under the influence of active investors, may appear to be good for shareholders in short-term. Return of cash or separating businesses may increase shareholders value but would expose companies to risk of high interest rate or may not leave them with sufficient cash to pursue growth opportunities in future. Increase in interest rates Higher buyout activity and return of capital to shareholders have been funded by availability of cheap debt. But with the continuing increase in house prices and moderate to high inflation, Bank of England has been raising interest rates. Due to higher financial leverage, companies with higher debt will have to incur more interest charges if interest rates increase. Additionally consumers, who have taken more mortgages on their homes, will find that they have lower income at their disposal after paying higher mortgages. Lower income and higher interest charges will likely lead to reduction in companies earning and increase their chances of bankruptcy. Dividend With a view to avoid being acquired by buyout firms, companies are increasing dividend to better utilise cash sitting in the business or its ability to raise cheaper funds. This is also done under pressure from hedge funds who are pressurising companies to increase their share prices by efficient use of funding and return of capital. Last few years have seen growth in private equity deals, both in number of deals and size of individual deals. This has been fuelled by the increase in funds available with buyout firms and also by the availability of more and cheap debt. Also activist investors are pushing firms to increase shareholder value. Companies are now taking steps to return capital to shareholders to avoid being taken private. All of the above has resulted in higher amount of debt for companies with stable cash flows and exposing them to bankruptcy risks in case interest rates rise further and consumers demand slows down. BIBLIOGRAPHY REFRENCES Brealey, R.A. S.C. Myers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Principles of corporate financeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sixth edition, Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, pg. 481 Dolbeck, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers and acquisitions around the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Weekly Corporate Growth Report, Santa Barbara, 19 December 2005, Iss. 1370, Pg. 1 Jackson, T. (2007). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The public company is battered but not brokenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Financial Times, 19 March 2007 Larsen, P.T. (2007, I). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Private equity bids keep on growingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Financial Times, 28 March 2007 Larsen, P.T. (2007, II). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Takeovers reach a record highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Financial Times, 25 January 2007 The Lawyer (2006). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Private equity funds bristle as hedge funds muscle inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , The Lawyer, London, Feb13, 2006. Pg. 13 Stagecoach (2007). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Proposed return of value of approximately  £700 million to Shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (https://investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200703140701329088S), 14 March 2007. [1] Lloyds TSB LDC (https://www.ldc.co.uk/), 6th April 2007 [2] Larsen, P.T. (2007, I). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Private equity bids keep on growingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Financial Times, 28 May 2007 [3] Larsen, P.T. (2007, I). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Private equity bids keep on growingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Financial Times, 28 May 2007

Concept And Measurement Of Poverty - 2774 Words

2.0: Introduction: This part reviews some of the available literature on concepts, theories and previous research findings pertaining to the research problem so as to establish the theoretical and empirical base of the study. Literature review is used by the researcher to bring the reader update with current literature on a topic and forms the base for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. It is also used to provide solid background information under the study. The literature reviews aims at finding the gap between what other authors have explained theoretically and empirically and what has not been explained. The knowledge gap needs to be established and fitted by the researcher. 2.1: Concept and Measurement of poverty 2.1.1: Definition of poverty Poverty of an individual or household is defined as a state of having an income or consumption expenditure which is below a certain level/standard known as the poverty line (Bigsten ; Abebe, 2003). Townsend (1985) defined poverty as not only a failure to meet minimum nutrition levels but also as a failure to keep with a standard of living prevailing in the society. Thus according to Townsend a household is considered as being poor if and only if its standard of living is below that of the society. Poverty on the other hand can be observed as the condition of a household being unable to meet basic needs including food, shelter, education etc. (World Bank, 1996). According to the economist a householdShow MoreRelatedThe Social Issue Of Canada1087 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing position 19 out of 22 nations (Breznitz and Zysman, 2013). This has been attributed to the precarious levels of poverty in a majority of Canadian households. The country has not recognized any official poverty measurement although other universal measures such as LICO is used for measuring relative poverty, a more determinable measure of poverty for wealthy countries. The poverty issue has taken center stage in the social front owing to the impact it has on Canadian households as well as the tripartiteRead MorePoverty Is A Global Concern And Its Eradication1376 Words   |  6 Pages Poverty is a global concern and its eradication is becoming surmountable. This is primarily due to the challenges posed by international and national causes respectively. Besides, the complexity of the phenomenon has not lend itself to be easily eradicated. Little wonder the world continues to struggle to eradicate poverty. Africa is one of the poorest countries on the universe and research and data show that Sierra Leone is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Sahara (UNDP, 2015). Sierra Leone’sRead MoreReview of Literature for Poverty Measurements1668 Words   |  7 Pagessuffering from acute poverty, most of it is chronic in nature. If we look at the percentage of people below the poverty line, we do notice a sharp fall, but the absolute number remains increasing at a high rate. The situation keeps aggravating despite of several poverty alleviation programs that are implemented every year. The main reason for such failure, apart from the implementation issues, would be the measurement and numbers on which these programs are based. Appropriate measurement is central toRead MorePoverty Inequality And Poverty And Inequality875 Words   |  4 Pagesextremely important concepts which are poverty and inequality. Both inequality and poverty have mainly negatives impacts in the society therefore, it is almost a prerequisite to have an understanding of both for the sake of reduce them accurately. The first purpose of the essay is to give a thorough understanding of what poverty and inequality are. The second purpose is to display some similarity between poverty and inequality. Poverty Primarily, a simple definition of poverty is highly questionableRead MoreHuman Geography And Development Studies1611 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will examine how both concepts, human geography and development studies and how they share similarities and differences. Human geography is the study of how people interact with their surrounding environment and the impact they have on that specific environment (Murray 2015). Development studies is the process, which involves focusing on improving the quality of human lives and reducing global risks (Amedeo and Harvey). I will examine how these two concepts particularly in the Asian PacificRead MoreThe Health Of Poor People1292 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone (WHO 2014). Psychosocial: Neo material: Measurements of poverty: Poverty is defined as the pronounced deprivation of well-being, or the inability to satisfy one s basic needs.( Australian Council of Social Service 2012) http://www.acoss.org.au/uploads/ACOSS%20Poverty%20Report%202012_Final.pdf Poverty can be measured by poverty line. Australian Council of Social Services defines poverty line as a relative concept used to describe the people in a society that cannot afford theRead MoreUrbanization And Housing : The Impact Of Urbanization On Housing934 Words   |  4 Pageshouseholds (BF Akinyode, 2016). Impact of poverty on housing Evidence that poverty affects housing circumstances is generally stronger than evidence that housing circumstances affect poverty. Low incomes prevent access to many potential housing options, or make them hard to sustain. However, the housing system, with social housing, housing benefit and support for homeless people, acts as a buffer against the effects of poverty, so that although people living in poverty have a higher risk of bad housing conditionsRead MoreIntroduction Descriptive Statistics1341 Words   |  6 PagesTOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BASIC CONCEPTS Situation: A journalist is preparing a program segment on what appears to be the relatively disadvantaged financial position of women and the incidence of female poverty in Australia. Several questions may arise, for example: †¢ What is the pattern of female incomes? †¢ How severe is the problem of female poverty and what proportion fall below the ‘poverty line’? †¢ Has their general level of income improved overRead MoreInequalities in Health Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most famous concepts in the sociology of health and illness: the â€Å"sick role† (Haralambos, 2004 p.295). Functionalists also believe that poverty and ill health are important factors in society. They believe that inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society. Poverty motivates people and ensures people take menial jobs. Ill health provides jobs for doctor’s nurses and specialists (P.Trowler, Investigsting Health welfare and Poverty, 1996 p.27) . MarxistRead MoreThe Rate Of Poverty Among Elderly Receiving State Pension Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2015 The Jersey Household Income Distribution Survey reported that there are approximately 4900 pensioners living in poverty -described as relative low income (after the housing cost) -who exclusively rely on the Jersey State`s pension and have no other source of income except Income Support contributions. It meant that one in every three pensioners struggled to meet basic needs such as housing, food, heating or paying other necessary bills. This figure equated to 28% of all OAPs in Jersey, and

The Battle Of The Civil War - 1575 Words

The Civil war may have been destined to occur and not avoided, as it was the deadliest war in American History. Even the great President Abraham Lincoln tried to avoid the war, but failed ultimately. An analysis of the events that led to the secession of the southern states and the start of the civil war revealed the differences between the North and South. The outcome of the states seceding is a pivotal moment in American History that showed the true divide and is one of the most important historical moments in the 19th century, as the war was a fight over the way of how American life would be. In 1819 Missouri was up for admission as a state in which slavery would be allowed. â€Å"An estimated 8,000 to 10,000 slaves also lived in the territory at that time.†(â€Å"Missouri Compromise†) This became a problem because the United States had twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. Adding Missouri as a slave state would break that balance between the sta tes and may also increase slavery in the union. To fix this issue congress came up with, that Missouri would be allowed as a slave state and Maine as free but in Missouri, slavery was to be banned from the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36 °30†². (â€Å"Missouri Compromise†) This bothered southerners, as they believed that congress should not be allowed to make laws about slavery and should be up to popular sovereignty. Northerners were also angered because they believed this was an expansion of slavery. EvenShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Civil War1127 Words   |  5 Pagesshaken by the Civil War because some states wanted to separate themselves from this unity that had lasted for approximately 100 years. The American Civil War is a historic affair and one of the bloodiest battles in history of the US (Engle, Krick, 2003). It is considered one of the bloodstained happenings in the history of the US because more than 600, 000 people died. A majority of this number were soldiers. This fatal battle happened between the years 1861 to 1865. The Civil War emerged becauseRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years 1861 to 1865 the American Civil War took place and it is known as Americas bloodiest war. The cause of the Civil war was the debate between free states and slave states over the government trying to prohibit slavery. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States and ran on the platform to keep slavery out of the new unclaimed territories of the United States. Once Lincoln became president seven southern states seceded from the Union ultimately creating the ConfederateRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil war was one of the biggest turning points in United States history. The nation’s failure to compromise on the subject of slavery led to an outbreak of war. Battles such as Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Shiloh led to what we know of today as a free nation. Great technological advancements in weaponry led to mass c asualties among both north and south, often making death inevitable. Those who bravely served and those who were forced to serve lived a life of fear, starvation, and commitment toRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1191 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the Civil War started both sides thought the war would be over by Christmas. But little did they know this small war would turn into the deadliest war in American history. The Civil War was fought between the Confederacy and the Union. The Confederacy was consisted of Southern states that did not agree with the views of the Union states. After years of sectional differences in the United States between the north and south, tension between the states grew and a war between the north and southRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War was a war that was thought to would have lasted no longer than ninety days. After all was said and done, the war lasted more than four years and claimed tens of thousands of li ves of both The Union and The Confederate States. There were several battles fought on Northern and Southern soil, battles that forced bloody mortal combat between brothers in the fight for equality amongst all men. It tested the strength of the foundation that the United States was built upon. The Civil War wasRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War960 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever wondered why the Civil War happened or why it was so substantial to American History? What was the battle that changed it all; that made it the history it is today? Many people have made speculations on the causes of the war and what the major turning point was, but cannot really narrow it down. In James McPherson’s Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam he points out the pivotal moments in American history that led up to and changed the Civil War, so that the reader can get a better insightRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1197 Words   |  5 PagesMarianna, FL. The battle will be virtually unkno wn in the history of the Civil War, but its success marked the longest successful incursion of Union troops into Florida (Cox, 2014). This raid had two goals; the first was to rescue the reported Union prisoners and the second was to liberate and enlist any slaves that were found along the route (Calvin, 2014). The prisoners were not located, but more than 600 slaves were liberated along their route (Cox, 2014). The subsequent battle did not last longRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1163 Words   |  5 Pageshad already decided to secede from the Union. Those 7 states started the Confederate States of America, run by their own President, Jefferson Davis. This same issue was the catalyst for the Civil War which started on April 12, 1861. One of the major and well-known battles of the Civil War was the Battle of Gettysburg. It was on this backdrop that Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech that is â€Å"universally recognized by historians and scholars alike as the most famous and most important speech everRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1233 Words   |  5 PagesIt is evident that the Civil War helped shape America into the country it is today. The strong factional division -based on slavery- between the Union and the Confederacy guaranteed certain achievements of both sides. Much of what we consider history today remains a part of the outcome from these multiple bloody battles. Activist John Muir of the Civil War-era stated, â€Å"the traces of war are not only apparent on the broken fields, burnt fences, mills, and woods ruthlessly slaughtered, but also onRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1133 Words   |  5 Pagesfierce battles were fought to secure the rights and freedom of both men and women, irrespective of their religion, gender, and race. Of all of the battles, the American Civil War stands out. Divided into the Union and the Confederacy, the American civil war broke out after the southern states seceded due to slavery that spread in many parts of the country. The Civil War began in the year 1861 and ended four years later. The end result was the Union becoming victorious in 1865. The Civil War was a

The Effects Of Social Relationships On Mental Health

1) Depending on their nature, social relationships can influence behavioral health, psychological health, physical health, and mortality in a myriad of ways (Umberson and Montez, 2010). In general, healthy and high-quality social relationships are those characterized by support and mutual respect; whereas unhealthy and low-quality social relationships are those deemed toxic through stress and disrespect. High-quality social relationships, wherein people experience camaraderie and happiness, yield substantial health benefits. For instance, social ties such as marriage and religious involvement have been linked to healthier choices with diet and exercise, possibly because these connections promote positive behavioral norms (Umberson and Montez, 2010). High-quality social relationships also promote mental health by offering individuals a sense of place within a meaningful environment. When people feel connected and supported, they tend to experience a greater sense of control, a psychological state shown to be both associated and causally linked to good health (Lachman and Weaver, 1998). Positive psychological effects of social relationships improve physical health by making it easier for the body to maintain chemical homeostasis over long periods of time by alleviating its â€Å"allostatic load† (Umberson and Montez, 2010). Ultimately, these components of high-quality social rel ationships make people less likely to get sick and die. Low-quality social relationships can haveShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Stigma Toward Mental Illnesses1711 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Mental illness is one of the most stigmatized medical conditions in society. People diagnosed with mental illnesses experience a difficult social life, where most of the community members harbor prejudicial attitudes toward them. Undoubtedly, having a mental illness profoundly affects how an individual interacts with the rest of the community in various issues. More often than not, the social consequences of mental disorders are negative since persons with the illness are naturallyRead MoreEssay Does social isolation adversely affect health1113 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Does Social Isolation Adversely Affect Health? Do you agree or disagree? Society is the connection between people live together in communicates for love, friend and support. Many different relationships are part of social interaction such as family, neighbor, friends and work colleagues. However, some people lack of participation, activity and communication. That is a result of social isolation. The health problems of an elderly, adult and children who are socially isolated are increasing. ThereforeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesStatistics show that teens spend nearly 9 hours a day on social media websites, which is more than one-third of their day (Tsukayama). Social media, among teenagers and young adults, is quite popular. It is used on many different platforms and in so many ways which allows high schoolers to be constantly attached. Over the past decade, with the emergence of social media, the amount of time these websites consume from individuals has become greater and greater. Parents who have grown up in a differentRead MoreAddressing Distress in Teens Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released the Healthy People 2020 yearlong goals and objectives. This is comprised of 42 topic areas that the government believes should be priority in enhancing the health of all within society3. Among the health objectives are Social Determinants of Health, Mental Health and Mental Disorders, and Health-Related Quality of Life and Well-being3. Although there has been much information and research on certain mental health issues such as depressionRead MoreThe Emotional Distress of Men in a Relationship Essay examples928 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung couples have experienced in a relationship is affecting them differently. Men are thought to be an aggressor and usually are dominant in a relationship, whereas women are passionate and more emotional when it comes to relationship. Although, this can be label as stereotype where typically it is quite an oppo site. Men are capable of being vulnerable during an ongoing relationship. More men are experiencing an emotional distress from a bad relationship than women do. The psychological mindsetRead MoreSocial Relationships And Social Support1440 Words   |  6 PagesSocial relationships and social support are critical for us as a person to function normally and be able to cope with situations that spiral out of our control. We are social creatures by nature and that determines how we perceive ourselves and the world around us. When things get out of control we instinctively rely on someone else to help us cope and deal with the situation, whether that is friends, family, professionals, or someone who is only in our lives for a fleeting moment. Numerous studiesRead MoreWhat Is The Mental Health? Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the mental health? Mental health embraces emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It has an effect on thinking, feeling, and acting. It also helps to define how people handle stress and make choices. Mental health is momentous through the stages of life, from childhood and adolescence via adulthood. In the life, if someone experience mental health problems, it has an effect on thinking, behaviour, and mood. Many causes contribute to mental health problems, containing: Life experiencesRead MoreThe Current Canadian Health Care System Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesCanadian health-care system is moving from this approach, to a more holistic ideal of healthcare which encompasses all the determinants of health. Although each determinant of health may individually have effects on health, all are interrelated to create a web of elements that form the principles of our physical and mental health (Potter and Perry, 2014 p. 10). Two such determinants of health are social environment, and healthy child development. These two create a cyclical relationship so, if negativeRead MoreAn Attachment For Successful Emotional And Social Development Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween two people, often a bond between a child and caregiver. Since Bowlby’s (1969) theory, describing the importance of developing an attachment for successful emotional and social development, other researchers have theorised that not forming attachments affects individuals, incl uding their possible development of mental health issues. Researchers have replicated Ainworths and Wittig’s (1969) Strange Situation experiment, using the results for further research. Kochanski (2001) investigated developmentRead MoreMental Health And The Lgbt Community1665 Words   |  7 Pagesstudies on mental health in the LGBT community. With more people being open about their sexual orientation, the LGBT community has become a bigger target for those individuals who create difference between groups to justify discrimination of a particular group. The discrimination towards the LGBT community has caused problems for individuals in the community, mental health being among the biggest problem. Studies have shown that the discrimination of LGBT individuals can affect mental health. Not only

Martin Luther King Jr Free Essays

Martin Luther King was born in 1929 in Atlanta. He was the son of Baptist preacher. He had strived hard to bring about the liberation of the African Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr or any similar topic only for you Order Now Martin Luther King was honored by, although posthumously, by the Congress, which belatedly declared his birth day as national holiday. It did so after nearly two decades had transpired from the date of his assassination, for his outstanding attempts to uplift the civil rights of blacks in the US. (Carson). King was a very good student and attended segregated public schools. In the year 1948 he obtained a bachelor’s degree in sociology from the Morehouse College. He completed his graduation with honors in 1951 from the Crozer Theological Seminary. Finally, he obtained doctorate in the year 1955, in systematic theology (Norrell). During his education he became aware of the civil disobedience method of protest and decided to utilize it for securing racial justice. In 1955 he completed his doctorate in theology. Subsequently, Martin Luther King obtained employment as a minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery (Huang). Subsequently, in the year 1957, King played an active role in the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, whose objective was to confront racial segregation. The early years of the 1960’s were witness to King’s numerous protest campaigns against segregation in housing, hotels, restaurants and transport. These campaigns were in the national limelight (Norrell). In 1960, King returned to Alabama and worked in the Ebenezer Church. He was of the opinion that equality and freedom constituted an important part of God’s plan. Moreover, Martin Luther King believed in nonviolence. He adopted a strategy of nonviolence and this won him the support of the people. Some of the components of his strategy to obtain civil rights, were to conduct meetings with large gatherings of people, utilize powerful rhetoric and make broadcasts across the nation (Huang). Martin Luther King opposed the Vietnam War and did his best for poor people and American blacks. The granting of these rights to the blacks incensed a number of whites and James Earl Ray, a convicted criminal out on parole, shot him on the 4th of April, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. The Congress declared his birthday, the 15th of January as a Federal holiday in the year 1986 (King, Martin Luther Jr. In The Great American History Fact-Finder). In addition to being a scholar, King was also an orator of considerable renown. His oratorical magnum opus was the I Have a Dream speech, which he delivered to on the 28th of August, 1963. His spell bound audience on that occasion numbered in excess of two hundred thousand civil rights supporters. This speech is one of the best in the history of the US. This speech was instrumental in bringing about the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made it unlawful to enforce segregation, and discrimination in employment and education. These great achievements brought King the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964 (Norrell). From the year 1966, King gave a different direction to his mission. He concentrated more on economic issues and called for a more equitable distribution of the nation’s wealth, so as to mitigate the abject poverty and wretchedness of the black minorities. He was in the midst of working the finer details of a Poor People’s Campaign, which aimed at ushering in economic justice, when he was assassinated (Norrell). In addition to the Civil Rights Act, King’s campaigns resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which prohibited racial discrimination in housing. Subsequently, the focus of the civil rights movement was on education and transforming the attitude of the white majority (Mifflin). King composed many scholarly and impressive articles, some of them are given in the sequel. Nonviolence and Racial Justice was published in the Christ Century. Its main contention was that the judicious use of nonviolent resistance could destroy social evils. Facing the Challenge of a New Age in Phylon Q, describes several essential requirements for blacks to obtain freedom with respect. In Conversation in Ghana, which was published in the Christ Century, King elaborated upon some aspects of black segregation, freedom and violence. At the time of receiving the Social Justice Award, King made a stirring speech, which was reproduced in the Interracial Rev, volume 30 in May 1957. King was an advocate of employing love to bring about social change and this was described most succinctly, in The Most Durable Power, which was published in Christ Century, volume 74 on the 5th of June 1957. Martin Luther King exhorted the people of the US to eschew imperialism and promote multiracial democracy and economic justice. King married Coretta Scott on the 18th of June, 1953. They had four children, Yolanda Denise; Martin Luther III; Dexter Scott and Bernice Albertine. People viewed Martin Luther King as the real proponent of black culture and history. Annotated Bibliography Carson, Clayborne. â€Å"The Unfinished Dialogue of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X.† Magazine of History (January 2005): Vol. 19, Issue 1; P22. This work describes the yeoman service rendered by King in ensuring the rights of blacks. Huang, Carol. â€Å"His dream? Equality for all. ; Martin Luther King Jr. was a champion of civil rights, but he faced challenges and dangers.† The Christian Science Monitor (January 9, 2007): P18. This important article describes the ideology subscribed to by Martin Luther King and the strategies of non violence that were employed by him. King, Martin Luther Jr. In The Great American History Fact-Finder. 2004. 5 February 2008 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6600892King, Martin Luther Jr.. (2004). In The Great American History Fact-Finder. Retrieved February 05, 2008, from DISPLAYURL. This article describes Martin Luther King’s opposition to the Vietnam War and his vision of uplifting the poverty stricken blacks. Mifflin, Houghton. civil rights movement. In The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. 2002. 13 February 2008 . http://www.credoreference.com/entry/2444113. In this article the author discusses the various righteous activities conducted by Martin Luther King in paving the way for the obtention of Black rights. Various legislative acts came into existence due to that endeavor. The civil rights movement was the struggle of the black community for equal rights and recognition. Norrell, Robert J. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr.† Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. This short work describes the myriad facets of Martin Luther King’s life. He was extremely successful in engendering black rights. He adopted non – violence and took great pains to convince the white Americans to lend their support to his cause. He was successful to a major extent in his endeavors. Works Cited Carson, Clayborne. â€Å"The Unfinished Dialogue of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X.† Magazine of History (January 2005): Vol. 19, Issue 1; P22. Huang, Carol. â€Å"His dream? Equality for all. ; Martin Luther King Jr. was a champion of civil rights, but he faced challenges and dangers.† The Christian Science Monitor (January 9, 2007): P18. King, Martin Luther Jr. In The Great American History Fact-Finder. 2004. 5 February 2008 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6600892King, Martin Luther Jr.. (2004). In The Great American History Fact-Finder. Retrieved February 05, 2008, from DISPLAYURL. Mifflin, Houghton. civil rights movement. In The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. 2002. 13 February 2008 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/2444113 . Norrell, Robert J. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr.† Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. How to cite Martin Luther King Jr, Essay examples

Earth and Sky Organics

Question: Discuss about theEarth and Sky Organics. Answer: Introduction This a rapid increase in demand for organic foods in the country causing farmers to turn to organic farming rather than conventional (Rousseau and Vranken, 2013, p.35). In Australia organic foods considered healthy and efficient in developing human immunity to diseases, thus generally increasing the demand for organic foods, however, they may be expensive or potentially inaccessible to most people in urban areas. Earth and Sky organic company was established with the main purpose of coming up with a model for the distribution of fresh organic produce at a lower cost. Moreover, the distribution model also improves the accessibility of these organic products to its target audience in Australia. Porter's Generic Strategies A companys size of the market share defines whether the companys profitability is above average, which outlines if the company has an advantage over its competitors in the end. According to Marian and Thgersen (2014) there are two basic types of competitive advantage, low cost or differentiation When the two are combined with the objectives a firm seeks to achieve , leads to three generic strategies for gaining higher performance in the market: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. Earth and sky employs two generic strategies in a manner that it stays relevant and profitable than its competitors and they are cost leadership and differentiation. Cost Leadership Generic Strategy It is quite transparent that Earth and Sky Company use this strategy. Its literally based on being the lowest cost producer in the current market. The company as established on this basis by restructuring their model. Earth and sky organics obtain their produce directly from certified organic farmers, which defiantly emit any intermediaries in the process. This makes it easy to give low and affordable prices to its target audience increasing its profits and growth in the organic market in Australia (Panwar et al. 2015, p 100-103). Differentiation Generic Strategy Differentiation generic strategy entails the uniqueness of a firm in meeting the customer requirements and needs (Magretta, 2013). Earth and Sky Company has uniquely identified what most consumers want; affordable prices, high-quality products, and accessibility to these products. Affordable prices and high-quality products ,have been made possible by cutting out intermediaries and acquiring these organic foods directly from certified organic farmers .The removes the barrier of inaccessibility to these products in two simple ways: one is the option of home delivery where a client's request for an order that it brought directly the location requested. The other is with Earth and Skys partners pop-ups, situated strategically to the comfort of the clients. References Magretta, J., 2013. Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy. Harvard business press. Marian, L., Chrysochou, P., Krystallis, A. and Thgersen, J., 2014. The role of price as a product attribute in the organic food context: An exploration based on actual purchase data. Food Quality and Preference, 37, pp.52-60. Panwar, R., Nybakk, E., Pinkse, J. and Hansen, E., 2015, July. Competitive Strategies and Small Firms Social Responsibilities. In Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society (Vol. 26, pp. 99-111). Rousseau, S. and Vranken, L., 2013. Greenmarket expansion by reducing information asymmetries: Evidence for labeled organic food products. Food Policy, 40, pp.31-43.

T.S. Eliot- The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Question: Describe about the Article for T.S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Answer: 1. The poem Love Songs of Alfred Prufrock, presents an insecure middle aged man, who has an uneventful, dull and mediocre life[1]. He has feelings concerning with inadequacies and he is afraid of decision making. The protagonist is not able to take risks (especially with females) and is unable to seize any opportunities. He lives in a world which is constant and rarely changes. He has an attitude of making progress, but he is afraid of failures. The protagonist is timid in nature and his not so brave attitude is preventing him from taking any action. The protagonist is a sharp looking guy who is bald and possesses thin arms. He used to feel insecure due to these, which prevented him from socializing with other people. The protagonist is a worrisome person who possesses little or no social behaviors. The person has quick judgmental abilities and due to this he has been lonely throughout his life. Prufrock had little interactions with women due to his pre conceived notions. He had grea t degrees of insecurities, which in influenced his attitudes and behaviors. He has great deal of conflicts in his mind and is unable to make simple decisions. This is evident from the line Do I dare eat a peach?[2] This ordinary question demonstrates that in spite of the delicious taste of the peach, he is avoiding it, as it can ruin his face. He has extreme feelings of dark thoughts and loneliness, which is very much evident in the poem. 2. The poem named The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is one of the finest works of T.S Eliot[3]. The poem contains several metaphors and images that are blended well with the character of the protagonist, Alfred Prufrock. The metaphors also match the situation and the life of the main protagonist. The words Yellow fog and Yellow smoke are being compared to a frightened cat, which presents the timid nature of the protagonist. This is an example of metaphor. This particular passage represents a clear image of the emotions of the natural world with terms such as images, pictures[4]. This shows the emotional nature of the protagonist, such as feelings of impressions, mood and others. The author has compared life to the coffee, which is a metaphor. The author has compared himself with an insect that is preserved for the purpose of display to visitors. This is evident in the line When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall. In the poem, he is believed to be addressing his potential lover b y phrases like force the moment to its crisis. The protagonist also has feelings of his own death, which he has mentioned in lines like the eternal footman. There is a line And the afternoon, the evening, sleeps so peacefully. In this line, a metaphor is used as the evening is being compared to a living person. The author repeats a series of words as well as phrases several times in the poem. This represents the monotony in the life of Alfred Prufrock. References "Whittier Union High School District / Whittier Union High School District".Wuhsd.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 17 June 2016. [1] Whittier Union High School District / Whittier Union High School District".Wuhsd.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 17 June 2016. [2] Whittier Union High School District / Whittier Union High School District".Wuhsd.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 17 June 2016. [3] Whittier Union High School District / Whittier Union High School District".Wuhsd.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 17 June 2016. [4] Whittier Union High School District / Whittier Union High School District".Wuhsd.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 17 June 2016.

Colton Sefton Essays (569 words) - Contract Law, Food And Drink, Law

Colton Sefton M.Ricker BUS 222 Spring 2017 Exam #3 Essay portion Part C. Question 8. Walid will not prevail in any lawsuits made against the franchise. The reasons why Walid will not prevail is that he is in contract with Dunkin Donuts and therefore must follow their outlined contract guideline and business model. Even though Dunkin donuts accommodated Walid religious belief for 14 years even providing signs; Dunkin decided to reverse their course. Terminating the contract with Walid was "for cause" reasons being that Walid did not carry the full line of products. Walid could file for wrongful termination in that Dunkin Donuts did not give him a reasonable notice. Dunkin could argue that he was given reasonable notice by not letting him open a new store and starting business. Depending on Dunkin Donuts contract time which usually ranges from one to five years of length Walid would have until the end of that time to close his stores. Depending on the time Dunkin terminated the contract would matter in this case. Conclusion is that Walid has a breach of contract for 14 years. Walid will not prevail due to his breach of franchise contract. Walid could also file for a prima facie case . Part A. Question 3. Normally in this situation Brenda would be able to get her money back on behalf of the banks Negligence, but Brenda did not file a suit within the one year period. The UCC places an absolute time limit on the liability of the bank. The customer who fails to report a forged signature within ONE YEAR from the date that the statement was made available for inspection. Brenda has lost the legal right for the bank to have refunded or recredited her account. Brenda also has the duty to promptly examine bank statements with reasonable care and to report any alterations or forged signatures. On behalf of Brenda's negligence to examine checks to her account on time she will suffer the losses due to the excided time limit permitted by the UCC. Part B. Question 6. Under chapter 13 bankruptcy a debtor may be able to discharge debts if the court grants the discharge. Under a chapter 13 payment plan certain student loans can be discharges, but only if the court finds that payment of the debtor would constitute an undue hardship from the debtor. In Freddie Krueger's case of getting laid off and not being able to make payments the courts would question why he was laid off and if he did it voluntarily. In Freddie's support, he could claim he has no disposable income to set aside for a situation likewise. The courts could make it able for Freddie to have some sort of disposable income for future situations. The goal being to help Freddie in his bankruptcy he would need to continue making payments which would mean he would need to find another job. Part C. Question 9. Doc's sports clubs franchise agreement with Elite fitness states that Doc's contract can be terminated at any time for a "cause". Under the termination of franchise a legitimate "cause" can be failure to meet specified quotas. If the "friends and family" membership quota is outlined in the franchise agreement and Doc's does fail to meet the contract agreement then Elite Fitness can infect terminate the contract. Doc cannot make claims of wrongful termination either due to the clearly outlined contract he entered.

Ontario Teachers Strike Essays - Strike Action, Teacher, Trade Union

Ontario Teachers Strike Essays - Strike Action, Teacher, Trade Union Ontario Teachers Strike Education is probably the most important resource in our society. The education System determines our future, by educating the youngest segment of our population. For this reason, it should be of great concern when there is a problem or an issue like a Teachers' strike. The Ontario teachers' strike that began on Monday October 27 involves 126,000 teachers and affects 2.1 Million students in the province. This strike is North America's largest, right ahead of the 1975 New York City strike when 60,000 teachers walked off the job . The main issue of debate is over Bill 160, which is all about who holds The Power to set education policy in the province of Ontario. Bill 160 centralizes control of the education system, putting it in the hands of the provincial government. It eliminates the authority of school boards and teachers' unions to set classroom and teaching conditions locally through collective bargaining. The bill allows the government to regulate class sizes, education property tax rates, teachers' preparation time, the amount of time teachers and students spend in school and the use of non-certified instructors. The issue is whether teachers should have a role in educational reform. The strike is illegal, because most of the te! achers have existing contracts. Ontario premier Mike Harris said that reforms are needed to stop a decline in student performance. Although the same government announced that the bill will allow the education ministry to cut 7,000 teaching jobs and up to $700 million from the $14-billion education budget. The strike is not a typical one, because it's not really a labor issue. It's not about teachers fighting a school board over a collective bargaining agreement. It's a strike protesting against the Harris government and Bill 160. While the teachers want to protest Bill 160, they also have an obligation to teach their Students. Many teachers are caught in this dilemma; do you go to the classroom, or do you go to the wall to defend education? Are teachers responsible first and foremost for their students or should they be loyal to the union? Many teachers in Ontario feel that they should be there for their students, although they're Scared To cross the picket line. Eileen Lennon, president of the Ontario Teachers Federation, has said that teachers who cross picket lines won't be sanctioned. However, they might take heat from individual co-workers when they get back on the job. The Teachers feel that they have to show solidarity with the union, or they will be alienate! d. "Parents should be on the alert that their schools may be closed in the very near future," Lennon said. "When we do it, it will be province wide." Union members met with education minister Dave Johnson over changes to Bill 160, although nothing was resolved. Johnson said he was discouraged following a one-hour meeting with representatives of the five major teachers' unions. He said he would not make changes the unions demanded. "I was presented with a list of issues to pull out of Bill 160," Johnson said. "I've been presented with an ultimatum to take these sections out of Bill 160 and further discussions, according to the Ontario Teachers' Federation, are not able to take place until those sections are taken out of the bill." Union leaders said they asked Johnson to remove some provisions that would allow the province to use non-certified teachers in classrooms and to regulate class size, teacher preparation time and the amount of time teachers spend in the classroom. Johnson says the changes are necessary to improve the quality of education. The government and the unions have each spent over 1 million dollars in advertising, trying to win over the support of the people of Ontario. The most recent polls show that the unions have a slight edge over the government as they prepared for the illegal strike. Though the longer the strike lasts, the opinion will shift to the government. "The question is: How long will people put up with the inconvenience in light of the over-arching motives? "Right now, tone and character become extremely important." Opinion on the issue is constantly changing, with a shift of two or three percentage points a day

Notion of fiduciary trust and its breach Case Study

Notion of fiduciary trust and its breach - Case Study Example The bill of lading indicated that 3,000 tons of timber was received from Merchant LTD and the timber was received in good condition. In examining Wavy Line's responsibilities with regards to Merchant LTD it is prudent for Merchant LTD to know that the issuance of a bill of lading is accompanied by legal rights and responsibilities. Those rights and responsibilities as delineated by the Hague-Visby rules denote that under the "contract of carriage" the responsibilities and liabilities of Wavy Line include the premise that Wavy Line is obligated to exercise a superior degree of care in order to: In examining Article II of the Hague-Visby Rules, we can clearly see that there is a breach of the contract by Wavy Line in that Wavy Line was obligated to ensure that the ship is adequately staffed prior to embarking on the voyage. The fact that Wavy Line had to stop to pick up a relief master on the way indicates that the staffing responsibility was not met as necessitated by the Hague-Visby Rules. Article III Section 5 of the Hague-Visby Rules addresses remuneration under these circumstances. The rules indicate that the value of the goods must be explicitly stated on the bill of laden if the carrier is expected to be responsible for total remuneration to the property owner. If, however, the total value of the goods is not indicated in the bill of laden, then the carrier is only responsible for the value of 666.67 units of account per package and the total value of the goods are to be determined based on their value at the time they were contracted to be delivered (Article III, Se ction 5-Hague-Visby Rules, 1968). According to this, I would advise Merchant LTD that Wavy Line did in fact fail to uphold their obligation to deliver the timber at the specified time. This obligation was not mitigated by any justifiable circumstances such as acts of God but it was a direct result of Wavy Line's failure to exhibit due diligence. As such, Merchant LTD can receive some compensation for the loss but the compensation they are able to receive is less than the total demanded due to the fact that the value of the merchandise was not explicitly stated on the bill of laden. The case of Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] EWHC 3030 (Comm); [2006] can be utilized to substantiate the aforementioned analysis with regards to the party responsible for the loss, however, the amount of judgment based on Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] proves to be interesting. The facts of the case of Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] are such that in January of 2003, The Achilleas was time chartered to Transfield Shipping Inc. The charter was extended as delineated in a supplemental document at a new higher hire rate and the maximum duration of the agreement expired on 2 May 2004. Later, the owners entered

Implementing Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementing Strategy - Research Paper Example The above organizational chart would work for IKEA because it would help make its operation less complicated. The Ingka Foundation would act as the executive committee. This committee would provide direction and support to the regional structure. The committee would handle IKEA’s strategic priorities. The regional structure should compose the members of the executive committee other than the Chief Executive Officer (Ingvar Kamprad or his successor). These other members of the IKEA’s executive committee should head the regions in which the company operates. This would provide for representation of the regions in the decision-making role of the executive committee and enhance the implementation its policies while reporting regional needs and emergent circumstances to the company’s top leadership (Steers et. al., 2010). The regional structure is meant to enhance connection with local consumers through a combination of localization and centralization. This would help overcome the challenges that IKEA encountered when it launched into the US market. Consumers of different regions have varying tastes and preferences and as long as IKEA does not adopt a regional structure, it will not address the needs of the consumers of the regions in to which it might expand. IKEA should allow the regional structure to vary its management to suit their environments. This would also have the advantage of speeding up the decision-making process especially because regional leaders will sit in the executive committee meetings (Wheelen & Hunger, 2012). The lowest level in this proposed organizational chart is the strategic business unit (SUB). These units are the geographically operating segments that would have several advantages for IKEA. They would help IKEA meat the taste and lifestyle needs of the people of their different geographical regions. Different geographical regions are different stages of development and SUBs would help IKEA vary its

The Gestalt theory and insight

The Gestalt theory and insight The Gestalt theory and â€Å"Insight† Professor Wolfgang Kà ¶hler was one of the founders of the Gestalt psychology. The term â€Å"Gestalt psychology† was first used by Christian von Ehrenfels, the Austrian philosopher, as early as 1890 in his paper â€Å"On Gestalt Qualities†. The Gestaltism was a reaction to some contemporary psychologists. The Gestalt psychology emphasized that behavior cannot be studied by analyzing its components but, rather, it must be studied as a whole, in all its complexity. Kà ¶hler carried out a series of famous experiments during the First World War, studying the behavior of chimpanzees in solving problems. The results of the experiments led him to introduce the notion of â€Å"insight† (Einsicht), which is one of the central terms of the Gestalt psychology. Insight, according to Kà ¶hler, manifests itself in the behavior as a break in the process of learning, i.e. as a real emergence of a solution: the correct adaptive response appears suddenly without being visibly dependent direct on the tests and errors that preceded it. Once it appears, this response is stable, i.e. the subject (hominid or human) is able to reproduce it in an appropriate manner. Theoretically, a Gestalt-adepts â€Å"intuition† is described as a restructuring of the perceptive field: the subject perceives suddenly in his environment new possibilities to action that lead him almost immediately to the solution. The phenomena of conditioning and learning cannot explain this capacity of intuitive restructuring. On the one hand their sequential character actually is directly opposed to the suddenness of insight; on the other hand their associationist and analytical character does not allow the inclusion of global and structural properties of the perception-cognitive field. This conception thus confers on the brain a global capacity to process the environments perceived. To the explicative construction in terms of combination of elements, it substitutes the notion of aptitude to immediate changes of structure. The concept of insight led Duncker (1945) to proposing the general theory of problem solving. Dunckers theory (see a separate section above) is based on the concepts of insight and field. For Duncker, a problem situation comes about when an organism has a goal but does not know how to reach it. The solution, which eliminates this situation by enabling the realization of the goal, generally consists of several successive stages, each marking a progress relative to the foregoing stage. The basic question then is how to advance from the one stage to the other. To answer it, Duncker reuses certain concepts developed by Selz (Mayer, 1992). Selz proposed some of the major ideas in cognitive psychology and formulated the firs non-associationist theory of thinking. Among his seven theses on thinking processes the most remarkable ones are the following: Directed association generates the unit of thought; Forming a structure leads to understanding a problem; Testing for conditions results in solving a problem. Selz gave the following general description to the solution of any problem: Let ?Rb be the structure of a situation in which the task is to find what ‘? covers. Perhaps an individual keeps in his memory the complex aRb, which partially correspond to ‘?Rb. From this, the element a is disclosed. Reaching the solution thus takes place according to a phenomenon of â€Å"resonance† between some generalized objects. In general, â€Å"resonance† can be described as an original combination of known elements. The origin of the combination may be internal (it is the result of imagination), or external (induced verbally). In fact, not every correspondence of a signal to an object implies necessarily a resonance between the object and the signal. It is necessary that the signal be adequate to the object, which means that it should satisfy several conditions: it must be, among others, complete, concise, conformist, etc. The process of problem solution depends closely on the structure of the situation and above all on the â€Å"availability† of the elements of which the solution consists. The elements, in fact, are not distributed randomly, but according to a characteristic organization, whereby some of them stand out. Duncker illustrates this notion by the problem of rays: how can a tumor be destroyed by means of radiation without damaging neighboring tissue? Two test subjects were used to answer the question. To the first group of test subjects the problem was described in the active voice: â€Å"The radiation might destroy also the healthy tissue. How can this be avoided?† The second group of test subjects got the same task, but this time expressed in the passive voice: â€Å"The healthy tissue might also be destroyed. How could it be protected from being damaged by radiation?† The results show that in the first group, 43 % of test subjects link their solution to the intensity of the radiation used. In the second group only 14 % focus on the intensity of radiation. The simple verbal structure of the problem description is sufficient for making the component â€Å"intensity of radiation† less prominent in the latter case than in the former. Last but not least, what is essential in the process of problem solving is the change manifesting itself in that the subject operates in a psychological structure of the situation perceived. This sudden restructuring is nothing else than the insight, the role of which is decisive. How then can the thought handle a given data field to extract from it pertinent information? One could say that the relation between two sets of data A and B is â€Å"totally distinguishable† if it is possible to grasp directly that the affirmation of A implies that of B. A connection will be â€Å"partially distinguishable if only certain traits of B can be grasped or understood parting from A. To explain the existence of such relationships there are, according to Duncker, two traditional responses: either the set B already is contained in A and can be analytically separated from it, or the functioning of the thought is such that that it always must reconnect A and B (a synthetic explication). If different events that compose the universe were not mutually related according to some law, the thought would evidently have no practical efficacy. In reality, these relations must be described not as fixed couplings of defined elements, but rather as a constant structure of variabl es. The principal cause of an effect â€Å"b† may be grasped by abstraction of factors that all possible situations â€Å"b† have in common, as well as those factors that all possible situations â€Å"non-b† do not have in common. It is a process of â€Å"precipitation† of a common aspect of coverage, parting from the inspection of a set of situations belonging to the same class. The result of the precipitation is a change in the configuration the situations envisaged. These situations thus acquire intelligibility that resides in the fact that they are reducible to a general law. This phenomenon can be called, writes Duncker, â€Å"insight of the second degree†. The various elements of a situation, as has been seen, can present very variable degrees of â€Å"availability†. The availability of an object is actually an inverse function of what the author calls its â€Å"fixedness†. For instance, a chimpanzee looking for a stick from which to make a tool, like in Kà ¶hlers experiment, does not recognize it in a branch if the latter still is attached to the tree. In this context the branch constitutes a part of the perceptive unit called â€Å"tree† and, because of this fixedness that anchors it in a definite situation, it is less available for entry into another situation than when it is detached and lies on the ground. Beside this perceptive dependence, the fixedness can also be conditioned functionally. Several of Dunckers well-known experiments reveal that. For instance, two groups of test subjects must discover in a heterogeneous set of objects one that can serve as a counterweight: in this case a book of logarithms. But, before that, one of the groups had first to resolve a mathematical problem requiring the use of the logarithmic tables. It was found that the members of this group less often identify the book in point as a counterweight than do the others. Because of its foregoing usage, which has â€Å"fixed† it as part of a certain function, it is no longer available for a new re-structuring. Another question emerges as a consequence of these results: how can one explain that the perceptive restructurings necessary for a discovery are, according to the individuals, more or less easy? Taking mathematical reasoning as an example, Duncker distinguishes two possible applications: Subjects weak in mathematics are not capable of restructuring easily, because their thinking matter is too rigid, strongly fixed. With individuals gifted in mathematics, there is an abstract level on which the perceptive functions do not interfere, but where only specific mathematical properties are considered. The former hypothesis has a degree of plausibility but it cannot be upheld: in fact, it can be stated that with subjects who are strictly mathematically oriented the perceptive restructuring plays a considerably greater part than with â€Å"ordinary† subjects. Duncker supports, however, the second explanation: it is the different role of perceptive structuring, where the difference refers to the degree with which the material of the thought is organized in depth. This causes the variations in individual performance. It is known that there are subjects of the visual type, with whom the intellectual activities always repose on visual images. By the same token, according to Duncker, many people are unable to explore and treat the problem material if it is not totally permeated with perceptive structures. It has been shown that the Gestalt theoretical notion of insight makes it undeniably possible to describe a plurality of phenomena that are allowed in the problem solving behavior. The notion has fulfilled a certain scientific function in the psychology of the last 100+ years. This advantage is, nevertheless, negatively compensated by a major explicative inability: the concept of intuition rests, almost by definition, out of reach for analysis, and therefore it cannot be included in the causal chain. It thus generates many questions that cannot be answered. Pavlov had noted it immediately and reproached Kà ¶hler for having introduced the â€Å"dualism† and the â€Å"mentalism† in the study of higher processes. If the notion of intuition largely appears as a theoretical instance, is it possible at least to give it precise objective content? Westcott tried to find the answer to this question (see further down). Westcott In his 1968 work, Westcott studied intuition by resorting exclusively to the experimental method. He conceived it initially as a form of inferential behavior and defined it operationally as the fact that an individual solver has attained a solution using less information than is usually necessary. If then for solving a particular problem P, the majority of the population p needs the quantity of information I, any individual who attains the solution using a quantity of information that is less than I displays intuitive behavior vis-à  -vis P. This definition, which is perfectly satisfactory from the scientific point of view, introduces the adoption of differential perspective: the human subjects are more or less intuitive in the same manner as they are more or less intelligent or creative. In his first experimental research Westcott used four kinds of tasks defined by the increasing variety of the type of material (verbal or numerical) and of the type of response (completing series or establishing analogies). These four categories of problems did not require any specialized knowledge, which assured that the test subjects (in Westcotts case students) could be viewed as equals. In solving tasks involving completion of series, the test subjects had at their disposal a set of examples the use of which improved the chances of attaining a solution. The same goes for the problems involving analogies, where the subject was allowed to use as many examples of relations as he pleased. Westcott called every example or additional stage that led to the goal the clue. Each test subject was required to use both the least possible number of clues, and rank, on a four-point scale, the certainty he attaches to each of his responses. Under these experimental conditions, Westcott defined four measures of performance: The quantity of the information used. Instead of the coarse number of clues used by an individual before proposing a solution, it is preferable to ponder the value of the clues used as a function of the mean and the typical spread in the population. The number of correctly solved problems of those twenty that constitute a complete series. The ratio of success (foregoing score) to information demand (first score). This ratio is called efficacy. The mean value of ratings assigned by the subjects to their responses in the twenty problems. The eleven samples studied did not differ with respect to these four measures. In particular, no significant differences are visible between girls and boys. On the other hand, each sample displays a large variability with respect to the scores of the individuals comprising the group, which gives credibility to the idea that individual capabilities differ vastly from person to person. The principal results can be summarized as follows: No correlation exists between successful solving of the tasks and the quantity of information demanded, which a priori could look like a little paradox. But, rather, this result shows that intuition constitutes a differentiating feature: the use of information collected varies greatly from person to person and is independent of the quantity alone. What is important is not the volume of what is received, but rather the specific treatment that the input data receive. Westcott was interested in subjects whose scores were extreme with respect to the two dimensions specified previously. He thus put together four groups corresponding to as many groups of individuals: those who require little information, yet often are successful. Such persons are by definition intuitive subjects, representing no more than 6 % of the total population. those who require little information, but are seldom successful. They are the â€Å"guessers†, free from a real intuitive process. those who need a great deal of information and are often successful. Their performance is prudent, as they never attempt anything if they are under informed. finally, there are those who require a great deal of information and fail most often. They are unable to use information correctly even if the information available is abundant. In all samples studied, a positive correlation exists between success and the degree of confidence in the solutions proposed, which indicates that the test subjects are sufficiently aware of their performance. By contrast, the correlations between confidence and the quantity or information demanded are all negative. It means that the more information a subject demands, the less confidence he has in the responses he gives. Finally, the correlations between confidence and the efficacy score are all positive. Westcott then tried to establish relations that might exist between the four scores mentioned and various aptitudes or personality traits measured by means of various tests. He found a negative correlation between the information demand and the verbal and numerical factors of intelligence, while success, too, seems to be positively related. This confirms the results showing that using intuitive thought seems to go hand in hand with high intelligence. As for personality traits, success is negatively correlated with anxiety. The same goes for the efficacy score, which is also positively related to flexibility. In other words, the subjects who need little information seem to be less stable and more engaged in what they are doing than are subjects who demand much information. The former are also less conformist and less sociable. Finally, the subjects who often succeed tend to be more confident in themselves, while those who often fail are more anxious. The capacity to resolve problems i ntuitively thus belongs to a specific set of personality traits. In the second part of his research, Westcott was interested in the behavior of perceptive inference, conceived a different field of manifestation of the intuitive thought that does not differ fundamentally from problem solving. How do individuals categorize their universe of perceptions? Here, too, the quantity of the information demanded will be considered on the one hand, and the ability to formulate valid conclusions in a perception related task on the other hand. The experimental material used consisted of several images borrowed from childrens books. Each image was cut into a series of seven or eight blocks arranged in the increasing order of completeness. The elements of information occurring in a specific block reappeared evidently in the neighboring block, whereupon the original design gradually re-emerged in its totality. The pictures were presented individually to each subject, beginning by the least complete block, such as a simple sketch of some features. The subjects got the instruction to identify the design as soon as they could, i.e. using the least possible number of blocks. There were thus two different passing conditions: first, the images were presented in the increasing degree of completeness and for as long a time as the subject desired. He could give as many responses as he pleased until he succeeded. Evidently, two measures can be applied here: the mean of the number of responses at which the first attempt to identification is made, and the mean of the number of responses at which the correct answer is given. In the second procedure the subjects could only give one response. The sequence was, however, broken as soon as response, good or wrong, was given. Three scores can be defined here: the mean of the responses corresponding to the demand of information in attempts to resolve the problems; the total number of correct identifications corresponding to the measure of success; and the ratio of the second to the first measure of efficacy. The experiments were carried out on 17 samples, where the age of the test subjects ranged from tender childhood to adulthood. It was thus possible to study individual differences at a given age on the one hand, and the differences between groups as a function of age and the level of education. Westcott has, for instance, established a correlation between the success at examinations and the IQ. This relation seems positive, which confirms the results of the foregoing experiment. Yet, this coarse piece of data for aptitude in mathematics is differentiated according to age. With the youngest ones this aptitude accompanies the higher scores of success and efficiency, while the students results show that this aptitude depends to a lesser degree on efficiency and on a higher demand of information, which does not necessarily accompany success. In other words, Westcott studied the relations between intuitive performance and creativity. The method used consisted of requiring that the teachers teaching the test subjects explain explicitly their own definition of creativity and then rank their students in accordance with this definition. In one of the samples, for instance, the teacher defined creativity by contrasting it to simple imagination and supposed that it requires aggressiveness, initiative, and a minimum of intelligence. Of the 26 test subjects, four most creative and four least creative subjects were selected using this concept. As for the mean number of correct responses obtained, it was found that the most creative students appeared among the top seven individuals, and the least creative ones occupied the bottom five posts. In another sample, the teacher defined creativity by distinguishing it from intelligence, and associating it with flexibility and original expression of oneself. In view of this definition five very creative students along with four very little creative students could be identified. The results obtained confirm those of the foregoing sample: the less creative ones occupy the four lowest tiers as for the number of correct responses provided in the test of perceptive inference. Thus, in the ensemble there is a strong correlation between intuitive behavior and the estimated individual creativity. According to Westcott, the opacity that characterizes the phenomenon of intuition may be due to three causes: it can follow from the fact that certain elements included in the process are inconscient; it can follow from the fact that the relationships between these elements are inconscient; or it can follow from the fact that these elements are comprised in the multiple and complex contexts obtained subliminally, peripherally or accidentally. It is also necessary to note that the intuitive behavior is useful and necessary only in certain situations. In general, our environment is very redundant, it is well informed. It could be said that the same thing is true about creative behavior the emergence of which mostly remains an exceptional phenomenon. Westcotts results make it possible to give a real content to the notion of intuition: the definition of explicit experimental operations permits, at least partially, to eliminate myths about intuition and treat it as a behavior. Of course, these initial results must be largely completed, but they already sketch the path of additional approach to the creative process.